Influence of socioeconomic factors in muscle dysmorphia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19230/jonnpr.2386Keywords:
muscle dysmorphia, economic factors, social factors, academic trainingAbstract
Introduction and objective: In muscle dysmorphia (MD) the patient thinks he is smaller and less muscular than he really is. As in other addictive diseases, its prevention and early diagnosis are the key to avoid associated disorders. It is established as an objective to determine if there are associated socio- demographic factors.
Material and methods: Cross-sectional observational study of 140 men, between 16-45 years old, who practice bodybuilding in gyms of different socioeconomic levels, at least 6 months prior to the study, 4 days / week, 1 hour / day, who signed the informed consent and without chronic illness. The main variable was the presence of symptoms of DM using the muscle appearance satisfaction scale (44 patients) and the secondary variables were age, coexistence, children, educational level and monthly income. Frequencies were used in the qualitative variables, and averages and standard deviations in the quantitative variables, in the bivariate analysis of the Chisquare test and the t-student test respectively and the binary logistic regression (presence / absence of MD) to eliminate confounding factors, the probabilities were calculated associated
Results: The gymnasts have an average age of 26.1 (SD = 7.1) years; the majority live with their parents (56.4%); they do not have children (89.3%); the academic levels are balanced and the economic income is mostly low / medium (79.3%). In the bivariate analysis, is observed a higher risk at a younger age (p = 0.027) and when they live with their parents (limit of significance). Significance is not observed with the variables having children, educational level or economic income. In the binary logistic regression these meanings are lost, although the graphic representation of the probability in relation with age seems to be a risk factor, as well as living with the parents or as a couple.
Conclusion: Among men who practice bodybuilding, it is usually a risk to suffer MD, to be younger, to live together as a couple and with parents, with no impact on the educational level or economic income.
Downloads
References
Vaquero-Cristóbal R, Alacid F, Muyor JM, López-Miñarro PA. Imagen corporal; revisión bibliográfica. Nutr Hosp 2013; 28(1): 27-35.
American Psychiatric Association, ed. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
Grieve F. A conceptual model of factors contributing to the development of Muscle Dysmorphia. Eating Disorders. 2007; 15: 63-80.
Maida D, Armstrong S. The classification of Muscle Dysmorphia. Int J Men’s Health. 2005; 4: 73-91.
Palazón-Bru A, Rizo-Baeza MM, Martínez-Segura A, Folgado- de la Rosa DM, Gil-Guillén VF, Cortés-Castell E. Screening Tool to Determine Risk of Having Muscle Dysmorphia Symptoms in Men Who Engage in Weight Training at a Gym. Clin J Sport Med. 2018. In Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000422
Pinto MVM, Araújo AS. Analysis of dietary habits and use of ergogenic resources used by bodybuilders in order to mus cle hypertrophy. Educación Física y Deportes 2007, 115: 137-42.
Behar R, Molinari D: Dismorfia muscular, imagen corporal y conductas alimentarias en dos poblaciones masculinas. Revis ta de Medicina del Chile 2010; 138:1386-94.
Azevedo AMP, Ferreira ACD, Silva PPC, Silva EAPC, Ca minha IO: Muscle dysmorphia: features food and nutritional supplementation. ConScientia e Saúde 2011; 10:129-37.
Goston JL, Correia MITD. Intake of nutritional supplements among people exercising in gyms and influencing factors. Nu trition 2010; 26:604-11.
Kreider RB, Wilborn CD, Taylor L, Campbell B, Almada AL, Collins R et al. ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sport Nutr 2010; 7:1-43.
Schwenk TL, Costley CD. When food becomes a drug : nonanabolic nutritional supplement use in athletes. Am J Sports Med 2002; 30:907- 16.
Kreider RB, Wilborn CD, Taylor L, Campbell B, Almada AL,- Collins R et al. ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: research and recommendations. J Int Soc Sport Nutr 2010; 7:1-43.
Chen GC, Ramanathan VS, Law D, Funchain P, French S, Shlopov B et al. Acute liver injury induced by weightloss her- bal supplements. World J Hepatol 2010; 2:410-5.
Molinari M, Watt KDS, Kruszyna T, Nelson R, Walsh M, Huang W, et al. Acute Liver Dysfunction Induced by Green Tea Extracts: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Liver Transplantation 2006; 12:1892-5.
Whitt KN, Ward SC, Ph D, Deniz K, Liu L, Odin JA et al. Cholestatic liver injury associated with whey protein and creatine supplements. Semin Liver Dis 2008; 28:226-32.
Sachdeva R, Sivasankaran S, Fishman RF, Zarich SW, McPherson CA. Coronary thrombosis related to use of Xenadrine RFA. Tex Heart Inst J 2005; 32:74-7.
González-Martí I, Fernández JG, Contreras OR, et al. Validation of a Spanish version of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale: escala de satisfacción muscular. Body Image. 2012; 9:517-23.
Mayville SB, Williamson DA, White MA, et al. Development of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale: a self Report measure for the assessment of muscle dysmorphia symptoms. Assessment. 2002; 9:351.
Compte E, Sepulveda A, Torrente F. A two-stage epidemiological study of eating disorders and muscle dysmorphia in male university students in Buenos Aires. Int J Eat Disord. 2015; 48:1092-101.
Babusa B, Czegle´di E, Tu´ ry F, et al. Differentiating the levels of risk for muscle dysmorphia among Hungarian male weightlifters: a factor mixture modeling approach. Body Image. 2015; 12:14–21.
Nieuwoudt J, Zhou S, Coutts R, et al. Muscle dysmorphia: current research and potential classification as a disorder. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2012; 13:569–577.
Martínez- Segura A, Cortés-Castell E, Martínez-Amorós N, et al. Factores de riesgo nutricionales para dismorfia muscular en usuarios de sala de musculación. Nutr Hosp. 2015; 31:1733-7.
Schneider C, Rollitz L, Voracek M, Hennig-Fast K. Biological, Psychological, and Sociocultural Factors Contributing to the Drive for Muscularity in Weight-Training Men. Front Psychol. 2016; 7:1992.
González-Martí I, Fernández-Bustos JG, Contreras Jordán OR, Sokolova M. Muscle dysmorphia: detection of the use-abuse of anabolic adrogenic steroids in a Spanish sample. Adicciones. 2017; Jul 14;0(0):853.
Mitchell L, Murray SB, Hoon M, Hackett D, Prvan T, O'Connor H. Correlates of muscle dysmorphia symptomatology in natural bodybuilders: Distinguishing factors in the pursuit of hyper-muscularity. Body Image. 2017 Sep; 22:1-5.
Longobardi C, Prino LE, Fabris MA, Settanni M. Muscle dysmorphia and psychopathology: Findings from an Italian sample of male bodybuilders. Psychiatry Res. 2017; 256:231-6.
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
All accepted originals remain the property of JONNPR. In the event of publication, the authors exclusively transfer their rights of reproduction, distribution, translation and public communication (by any sound, audiovisual or electronic medium or format) of their work. To do so, the authors shall sign a letter transferring these rights when sending the paper via the online manuscript management system.
The articles published in the journal are freely used under the terms of the Creative Commons BY NC SA license, therefore.
You are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
