Chronodisruption and cortisol and melatonin imbalance, a probable prelude of most prevalent pathologies?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19230/jonnpr.1918Keywords:
Cortisol, Chronic diseases, Chronobiology, Chronodisruption, Circadian rhythms, melatonin, stressAbstract
The existence of cyclic metabolic oscillations, taking place every 24 hours approximately, have been demonstrated in most of living systems. These variations have been called circadian rhythms. Their study as well as the synchronization processes within the surrounding medium is called Chronobiology. In humans, the circadian system is shaped by different structures as entry routes, clocks (central and peripherals, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and various organs, respectively) and way-out responsible for generating these rhythms and their synchronization with the environment. Through 24- hour oscillations, the circadian system modulates the expression of certain genes called Clock genes. However, some alterations have been defined in the main components of the circadian system-giving rise to disturbance in the internal temporal order of rhythms with respect to the external temporal order, originating a process known as chronodisruption. In fact citizens of big and modern cities live in very chronodisruptive environments characterized by high and continuous stress, dim stable lightning, constant thermostatization, irregular sleeping time, low physical activity, and frequent snaking. In this paper the probable relationship between two hormones –cortisol and melatonin-, the chronodisruption and the increased risk of major degenerative diseases as premature aging, cancer, cardiovascular isease and obesity are briefly summarized. Further remarks and studies in order to identify chronodisruptors and their implication on the genesis and impairment of degenerative disease are suggested. The minireview recommends ascertaining major factors (e.g. genetic, epigenetic) explaining differences in response among individuals. The convenience to study in humans the influence of other iorhythm types (e.g. circalunar, seasonal) on several physiological activities is also highlighted.
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