Scenarios, trends and differences in entrepreneurship in Southern Spain and Nothern Morocco: a gender perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15257/ehquidad.2022.0014Keywords:
Entrepreneurship, Gender Gap, Attitudes, Morocco, SpainAbstract
Many political and research agendas place the entrepreneurial subject at the epicentre of economic development. Our objective was to use a gender perspective to study asymmetries in the perception of entrepreneurship in two different but close geographic areas: Northern Morocco and Southern Spain. We conducted a survey of 1233 people in Spain and Morocco. In Morocco, the participants were (a) a sample of students from the Abdelmalek Essaadi University in the Tangier-Tetouan area and (b) a sample of university graduates living in the same area. In Spain, the participants were a sample of students from the University of Malaga (Spain). We administered a questionnaire on the participants' perceptions of entrepreneurship opportunities in their setting, their own social and political attitudes toward entrepreneurship, and their self-perception of their own entrepreneurial knowledge and skills. Our results confirm and expand on the trends described in international reports and the scientific literature. They also provide new data that may be of help in meeting the challenge posed by the gender gap in business entrepreneurship.
Downloads
References
Ahmed, T., Chandran, V. G. R., Klobas, J. E., Liñán, F., & Kokkalis, P. (2020). How learning, inspiration and resources affect intentions for new venture creation in a developing economy. The International Journal of Management Education, 18(1), 100327; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2019.100327
Bastian, B.L., Metcalfe, B.D. & Zali, M.R. (2019). Gender Inequality: Entrepreneurship Development in the MENA Region. Sustainability, 11, 6472; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226472
Bruin, A., Brush, C. & Welter, F. (2007). Advancing a framework for coherent research on women's entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 323–339.
Butkouskaya, V., Romagosa, F., y Noguera, M. (2020). Obstacles to Sustainable Entrepreneurship Amongst Tourism Students. Sustainability, 12(5), 1812; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051812
De Jorge, J. (2013). Análisis de los factores que influyen en la intención emprendedora de los estudiantes universitarios. Aracciolos, 1(1), 1-12.
Díaz, J. C., Hernández, R., Sánchez, M. C., Postigo, M. V (2010). Actividad emprendedora y género. Un estudio comparativo. Revista Europea de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa, 19(2), 83-89.
Ennaji, M. (2020). Women’s Activism in North Africa: A Historical and Socio-Political Approach. In Double-Edged Politics on Women’s Rights in the MENA Region, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 157-178.
Fuentes, F. y Sánchez, S. M. (2010). Análisis del perfil emprendedor: una perspectiva de género. Estudios de Economía Aplicada, 28(3), 1-28.
GEM. Informe GEM España 2017-2018 (2018). Available online: http://www.gem-spain.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Informe-GEM-2017-18.pdf (accessed on 6 February 2020).
GEM. 2017/2018 Global Report (2018). Available online: https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2017-2018-global-report (accessed on 12 February 2020).
GEM. Middle East and North Africa Report (2017). Available online: https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2017-middle-east-and-north-africa-report (accessed on 10 February 2020).
GEM. Women’s Entrepreneurship 2016/2017 Report (2017). Available online: https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-20162017-womens-entrepreneurship-report (accessed on 11 February 2020).
Giménez, D. (2012). Factores DS del emprendimiento femenino: Una revisión bibliográfica. Revista venezolana de estudios de la mujer, 17(38), 127-142.
Henríquez, M. C., Mosquera, C., Arias, A. (2010). La creación de empresas en Colombia desde las percepciones femenina y masculina. Economía Gestión y Desarrollo, 10, 61-77.
Justo, R. (2008) La influencia del género y entorno familiar en el éxito y fracaso de las iniciativas emprendedoras (tesis doctoral). Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Kelley, D., Bosma, N., Amorós, J.E. (2010). Global entrepreneurship monitor 2010, Executive Report. Available online: https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/228073 (accessed on 10 March 2020).
Louahabi, Y., Moustaghfir, K., & Cseh, M. (2020). Testing Hofstede’s 6-D model in the North and Northwest regions of Morocco. Human Systems Management, 39(1), 105-115.
Litz, R. & Folker, C. (2002). When he and she sell seashells: Exploring the relationship between management team gender-balance and small firm performance. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 7(4), 341-359.
Marques, C., Ferreira, J., Gomes, D. y Rodrigues, R. (2013). Entrepreneurship Education: How Psychological, Demographic and Behavioural Factors Predict the Entrepreneurial Intention. Education & Training, 54(8/9), 657-672.
Minniti, M. (2009). Gender issues in entrepreneurship. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 5(7–8), 497–621.
Minniti, M. & Naudé, W. (2010). What do we know about the patterns and determinants of female entrepreneurship across countries? European Journal of Development Research, 22, 277-293.
Orlandini, I. (2018). Emprendimientos femeninos indígenas y capital social. Revista Investigación & Negocios, 17, 6-12.
Ortiz, C., Duque, Y. & Camargo, D. (2008). Una revisión a la investigación en emprendimiento femenino. Revista Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, XVI(1), 85-104.
Owusu-Ansah, W. (2012). Entrepreneurship Education, a Panacea to Graduate Unemployment in Ghana? International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(15), 211-220.
Paço, A., Ferreira, J., Raposo, M., Rodrigues, R. y Dinis, A. (2013). Entrepreneurial Intentions: Is Education Enough? International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(1), 1-20. DOI: 10.1007/s11365-013-0280-5
Pérez-Quintana, A. y Hormiga, E. (2012). La influencia de los estereotipos de género en la orientación emprendedora individual y la intención de emprender. Investigación y género, inseparables en el presente y en el futuro. En I. Vázquez Bermúdez (coord.), Actas del IV Congreso Universitario Nacional Investigación y Género, Sevilla, 1527-1553.
Rani, S. & Rao, S. (2007). Perspectives on women Entrepreneurship. The ICFAI Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 4(4), 18-27.
Ruiz, J., Camelo, M. C. y Coduras, A. (2012). Actividad emprendedora de las mujeres en España. Madrid: Instituto de la Mujer. Spain.
Sánchez, M. C., Díaz, J. C., Hernández, R & Postigo, M. V. (2011). Perceptions and attitudes towards entrepreneurship. An analysis of gender among university students. International Entrepreneurship Management Journal, 7, 443–446.
Sánchez, S. y Fuentes, F. (2013). Gender and entrepreneurship: analysis of a young university population. Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, 13(1), 65-78.
Smith-Hunter, A. & Boyd, R. (2004). Applying theories of the relationship between women’s personal goals and structural factors influencing their decision to start a business: The case of Pakistan. Journal of Business Venturing, 11, 507–529.
Stevenson, M.K. (1986). A discounting model for decisions with delayed positive and negative outcomes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 115, 131-154.
Veciana, J.M. (2007). Entrepreneurship as a scientific research programme. En Cuervo, A; Ribeiro, D.; Roig, S. (Eds.), Entrepreneurship. Concepts, Theory and Perspective (23-71) Berlin: Springer.
Veciana, J. M. y Urbano, D. (2004) Actitudes de los estudiantes universitarios hacia la creación de empresas: un estudio empírico comparativo entre Catalunya y Puerto Rico. El emprendedor innovador y la creación de empresas de I+ D+ I, Universidad de Valencia, pp. 35-58. Recuperado de https://books.google.es/bookshl=es&lr=&id=aIWzyLD4PUEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA35&dq=VECIANA+Y+URBANO&ots=kjC1PZKt5_&sig=RI9YnmL8Nimrzr7ZccA6AXhhk_8#v=onepage&q=VECIANA%20Y%20URBANO&f=false
Veciana, J. M., Aponte, M. y Urbano, D. (2005) University student’s attitudes towards entrepreneurship: A two countries comparison. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(2), 165–182.
Verheul, I., Uhlaner, L. & Thurik, R. (2005). Bussiness accomplishments, gender and entrepreneurial self-image. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(4), 483-518.
